Who does Addison’s disease affect?

Key takeaways

• Article type classification: medical_condition.
• Addison's disease can affect adults and children, although NHS guidance says it most commonly affects adults aged 30 to 50.
• This article focuses on who may be affected, autoimmune links, pregnancy considerations and why symptoms should not be dismissed.
• Mayo Clinic’s Addison’s disease pages were used as the minimum completeness benchmark for symptoms, causes, complications, diagnosis, treatment and self-care planning.
• Adrenal crisis is an emergency: use NHS 111 for urgent advice or call 999 in a life-threatening emergency, especially with collapse, confusion, severe dehydration, seizure or rapidly worsening symptoms.

Overview

Addison’s disease is primary adrenal insufficiency. It happens when the adrenal glands, which sit above the kidneys, do not make enough essential steroid hormones. The most important hormone is cortisol, which supports blood pressure, blood glucose, inflammation control and the body’s response to illness or injury. Many people also have too little aldosterone, a hormone that helps regulate salt, fluid balance and potassium.

The condition is rare, but it is clinically important because untreated adrenal insufficiency can become life-threatening. NHS guidance says Addison’s disease can often be managed with treatment, but people need daily medicine, emergency planning and specialist follow-up. The practical aim is to replace missing hormones, recognise deterioration early and prevent adrenal crisis where possible.

Anyone can develop Addison’s disease, including children, but UK NHS guidance says it most commonly affects adults between 30 and 50. Autoimmune adrenal damage is the most common cause in the UK. It can occur alone or alongside other autoimmune conditions such as thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, pernicious anaemia, premature ovarian insufficiency or coeliac disease.

Women may notice that Addison’s disease affects menstrual wellbeing, energy, pregnancy planning and recovery from illness. During pregnancy, adrenal insufficiency needs specialist management because poorly controlled disease can be serious. Children and teenagers may present with slow growth, tiredness, tummy symptoms, salt craving or episodes of low blood sugar, so paediatric specialist care is important.

This rewrite deliberately avoids treating Addison’s disease as a short definition. A useful article needs to explain symptoms, causes, diagnostic uncertainty, treatment, emergency planning and everyday life, because patients often search after months of vague symptoms or after a frightening crisis. The information is educational and should support, not replace, a GP or endocrinology appointment.

Symptoms and red flags

Addison’s disease symptoms often build slowly. NHS and Mayo Clinic both describe tiredness, weight loss, loss of appetite, tummy pain, nausea or vomiting, dizziness on standing, muscle weakness, joint or muscle pain, salt craving, headache, low mood, difficulty concentrating and darker areas of skin. Darker pigmentation may be less obvious on brown or black skin, so clinicians should listen to the whole symptom pattern rather than relying on one visual sign.

Symptoms can worsen quickly during infection, injury, surgery, vomiting, diarrhoea or severe stress. Red flags include severe weakness, fainting, severe abdominal or side pain, confusion, drowsiness, seizure, loss of consciousness, very low blood pressure, severe dehydration or a fast heart rate. These can suggest adrenal crisis, especially in someone with known adrenal insufficiency or long-term steroid use.

Because early symptoms are non-specific, it is reasonable to think about other causes too. Anaemia, thyroid disease, diabetes, pregnancy, eating disorders, chronic infection, inflammatory bowel disease, depression and medication effects may overlap. The important safety point is persistence, progression or a cluster of symptoms that includes low blood pressure signs, salt craving, pigmentation changes or abnormal blood salts.

Why Addison’s disease happens

In many UK cases, the immune system mistakenly attacks the adrenal cortex. This gradually damages the hormone-producing tissue, so the glands cannot make enough cortisol and sometimes cannot make enough aldosterone. Autoimmune Addison’s disease may occur with other autoimmune conditions, which is why clinicians may ask about thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, pernicious anaemia, coeliac disease, vitiligo, premature ovarian insufficiency or family history.

Other causes include infections that damage the adrenal glands, adrenal bleeding, surgery to remove the adrenal glands, some inherited or congenital adrenal conditions and, less commonly, cancer-related or medicine-related causes. Secondary adrenal insufficiency is different: the adrenal glands may be structurally normal, but the pituitary or hypothalamus is not sending the right signal. That distinction matters because aldosterone, pigmentation, testing and treatment details can differ.

At tissue level, cortisol is made in the adrenal cortex from cholesterol through a chain of enzyme-controlled steps. When adrenal cells are damaged, the body may increase adrenocorticotrophic hormone to push the glands harder. High levels of this pituitary signal are linked with the pigmentation changes often described in primary adrenal insufficiency.

Assessment and diagnosis

A GP may suspect Addison’s disease from symptoms, blood pressure, medical history and simple blood tests. Low sodium, high potassium, low glucose or abnormal kidney-function markers can support concern, but normal results do not always exclude the condition. If Addison’s disease is suspected, the NHS says referral to a specialist is usual.

Specialists may use a Synacthen stimulation test to check how well the adrenal glands respond to a signal to produce cortisol. Blood samples are taken before and after Synacthen. A poor cortisol response supports adrenal insufficiency. Additional tests may include adrenocorticotrophic hormone, adrenal antibodies, renin and aldosterone, thyroid function and tests for associated autoimmune conditions. Imaging is not needed for everyone, but may be used when the cause is uncertain or another adrenal problem is suspected.

In a suspected adrenal crisis, emergency treatment takes priority. Clinicians should not delay urgent steroid treatment and fluids just to complete routine testing. If blood can be taken before treatment, that may help later confirmation, but stabilising the person comes first.

Treatment and day-to-day management

Treatment replaces missing hormones. NHS guidance lists steroid medicines such as hydrocortisone or prednisolone, and fludrocortisone when aldosterone replacement is needed. Doses and timing should be personalised by a specialist. People should not stop steroid replacement suddenly, because doing so can trigger severe adrenal insufficiency.

Daily management includes taking medicine consistently, having repeat reviews, keeping prescriptions available, understanding sick-day rules and telling healthcare professionals about the condition before surgery, dental procedures or hospital care. Some people need extra steroid medicine during illness, injury, procedures or severe stress. Advice must come from the clinical team because under-replacement and over-replacement can both cause problems.

Monitoring looks at symptoms, blood pressure, weight, blood salts, postural dizziness, energy, swelling, cravings and signs that the dose is too high or too low. Women planning pregnancy should speak to their endocrinology team before conception where possible, because dose planning, vomiting, labour and emergency cover need clear instructions.

Adrenal crisis and emergency planning

Adrenal crisis can occur when the body needs more cortisol than it has available. Infection, vomiting, diarrhoea, surgery, injury, missed steroid doses and severe physical stress are common triggers. Society for Endocrinology guidance supports urgent steroid replacement and fluid treatment for suspected crisis. NHS guidance says adrenal crisis is a medical emergency.

People with Addison’s disease should usually carry a steroid emergency card and may be trained to use an emergency injection kit. Family, friends, teachers, carers or colleagues may also need to know where the kit is and when to call for help. Emergency identification jewellery can help if someone collapses or cannot speak for themselves.

Call 999 if Addison’s disease symptoms suddenly worsen or there is severe weakness, severe abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, severe drowsiness, confusion, seizure, collapse, loss of consciousness, or symptoms of shock. Calling 999 is still important even after an emergency steroid injection because fluids, monitoring and hospital treatment may be needed.

Living well and pregnancy considerations

With treatment and planning, many people live active lives with Addison’s disease. Useful routines include carrying spare medicine, keeping an up-to-date medicine list, planning for travel, checking expiry dates on emergency supplies and telling new healthcare professionals about steroid dependence. People should ask their specialist for written sick-day and emergency instructions.

Emotional wellbeing matters. Living with a rare condition can be unsettling, especially after a crisis or during pregnancy planning. Support groups can help with practical experience, but clinical decisions should stay with the endocrinology team. During pregnancy, Addison’s disease needs careful management because vomiting, labour, infection and dehydration can increase risk.

When to seek medical advice

See a GP if you have persistent unexplained fatigue, weight loss, salt craving, dizziness when standing, darker skin patches, recurrent tummy symptoms, low mood with physical symptoms, or a known autoimmune condition with new weakness or faintness. Seek prompt advice if blood tests show low sodium, high potassium or unexplained low glucose.

Use NHS 111 for urgent advice if symptoms are worsening and you are unsure what to do. Call 999 for suspected adrenal crisis, collapse, severe dehydration, seizure, confusion, severe abdominal or side pain, loss of consciousness, or any life-threatening emergency.

Sources

• NHS, Addison's disease: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/addisons-disease/
  Relevance: Supports UK-facing symptoms, tests, treatment, adrenal-crisis warning signs, pregnancy considerations and causes of Addison's disease.
• Mayo Clinic, Addison's disease symptoms and causes: mayoclinic.org guidance page link unavailable during validation (mayoclinic.org guidance page, link unavailable during validation)
  Relevance: Used as the Mayo-depth benchmark for overview, symptoms, risk factors, complications and adrenal-crisis warning signs.
• Mayo Clinic, Addison's disease diagnosis and treatment: mayoclinic.org guidance page link unavailable during validation (mayoclinic.org guidance page, link unavailable during validation)
  Relevance: Used as the Mayo-depth benchmark for diagnostic testing, hormone replacement, emergency care and lifestyle planning.
• Society for Endocrinology, adrenal crisis guidance: https://www.endocrinology.org/clinical-practice/clinical-guidance/adrenal-crisis/
  Relevance: Supports emergency recognition and treatment principles for suspected adrenal crisis in adrenal insufficiency.
• NHS, when to use NHS 111: https://www.nhs.uk/nhs-services/urgent-and-emergency-care-services/when-to-use-111/
  Relevance: Supports urgent-care signposting when symptoms are severe, rapidly worsening or confusing.

Disclaimer

Educational only. Results vary. Not a cure.